Abdula vs. Guiani G.R. No.: 118821, February 18, 2000, 326 SCRA 1 FACTS: The case involves a petition for certiorari and prohibition to set aside the warrant of arrest issued by Judge Japal M. Guiani of Branch 14 of the Regional Trial Court of Cotabato City. The petitioners, Mayor Bai Unggie D. Abdula and Odin Abdula, were charged with murder in Criminal Case No. 2376. The murder complaint alleged that the petitioners paid six other individuals for the death of a certain Abdul Dimalen, the former COMELEC Registrar of Kabuntalan, Maguindanao. Initially, the Provincial Prosecutor of Maguindanao dismissed the murder charges against the petitioners and five other respondents due to lack of prima facie evidence. However, a separate information for murder was filed against one of the respondents, Kasan Mama. Subsequently, the case was ordered to be returned to the Provincial Prosecutor for further investigation. After additional evidence was presented, the Provincial Prosecutor found a prima
FERNANDEZ VS. TORRES
G.R. No. 102940 November 6, 1992 - 215 SCRA 489
FACTS:
Petitioners seek certiorari and prohibition to prohibit and restrain the Secretary of the Department of Labor and Employment ("DOLE") and the Administrator of the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration ("POEA") from enforcing and implementing Item No. 1 of DOLE Circular No. 01-91 entitled "Prescribing Additional Requirements, Conditions and Procedures for the Deployment of Performing Artists."
The promulgation of DOLE Circular No. 01-91 was preceded by public agitation for a total ban on deployment of Filipino entertainers abroad, in response to the growing number of documented reports and complaints from entertainers and their relatives about the exploitative working conditions, harassment, forcible detention, physical injuries, rape and even death suffered by female performing artists and entertainers abroad. The First National Tripartite Conference for the Protection of Overseas Entertainers was convened on 18 November 1991 to evaluate a Government proposal for a complete interdiction of overseas deployment of Philippine entertainers and performing artists. At the end of the Conference, the consensus among the management and labor representatives which emerged was that Government should adopt a policy of selective (rather than comprehensive) prohibition of deployment abroad of Philippine entertainers, to avoid the adverse effects which complete prohibition would impose on the country's manpower export program. The labor representative recommended that the minimum age for performing artists seeking overseas deployment be raised from eighteen (18) years to twenty-three (23) years.
Through counsel, they challenge the constitutional validity of Item No. 1 of DOLE Circular No. 01-91.
ISSUE:
Whether or not the petitioners have an actual cause or controversy to challenge the constitutionality of the DOLE Circular.
HELD:
The Court finds that the petition does not present a justiciable controversy. In actions involving constitutional issues, the firmly settled rule is that a constitutional question will not be heard and resolved by the courts unless the following requirements of judicial inquiry are met:
(1) the existence of an actual case or controversy;(2) the party raising the constitutional issue must have a personal and substantial interest in the resolution thereof;(3) the controversy must be raised at the earliest reasonable opportunity; and(4) that the resolution of the constitutional issue must be indispensable for the final determination of the controversy.
In the first place, Item No. 1 of the challenged DOLE Circular does not establish an absolute and comprehensive prohibition of deployment abroad of entertainers below twenty-three (23) years of age. Item No. 1 itself provides that "the Secretary of Labor and Employment may, for justifiable reasons, exempt from performing artists from coverage hereof." The discretionary authority here asserted by the DOLE Secretary does not purport to be unlimited and arbitrary in nature. To the contrary, fairly explicit and precisely drawn grounds for exempting particular performing artists from the coverage of Item No. 1 are set out in a set of "Administrative Guidelines Implementing Department Circular No. 01-91."
Secondly, petitioners have failed to allege or have refrained from alleging, that they had previously applied to public respondent officials for exemption from the minimum age restriction imposed by Item No. 1 of DOLE Circular No. 01-91. Necessarily, therefore, petitioners also do not allege that public respondent officials have arbitrarily denied their applications for exemption from the minimum age requirement or from any other requirement establishment by Item No. 1. Neither have petitioners alleged that public respondents have continually threatened to deny all and sundry applications for exemption, so as to create a reasonable expectation that their applications would be immediately and arbitrarily denied, should they in fact file them. Petitioners do assert that the exemption clause of DOLE Circular No. 01-91 is "practically useless and [constitutes] empty verbiage." They have not, however, attempted to support this assertion.
The Court is not compelled to indulge in speculation that public respondent would deny any and all applications for exemption from coverage of DOLE Circular No. 01-91. Two (2) important presumptions are here applicable. The first is that administrative orders and regulations are entitled to the presumption of constitutionality. The second is that official duty has been or will be regularly performed.
FACTS:
Petitioners seek certiorari and prohibition to prohibit and restrain the Secretary of the Department of Labor and Employment ("DOLE") and the Administrator of the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration ("POEA") from enforcing and implementing Item No. 1 of DOLE Circular No. 01-91 entitled "Prescribing Additional Requirements, Conditions and Procedures for the Deployment of Performing Artists."
The promulgation of DOLE Circular No. 01-91 was preceded by public agitation for a total ban on deployment of Filipino entertainers abroad, in response to the growing number of documented reports and complaints from entertainers and their relatives about the exploitative working conditions, harassment, forcible detention, physical injuries, rape and even death suffered by female performing artists and entertainers abroad. The First National Tripartite Conference for the Protection of Overseas Entertainers was convened on 18 November 1991 to evaluate a Government proposal for a complete interdiction of overseas deployment of Philippine entertainers and performing artists. At the end of the Conference, the consensus among the management and labor representatives which emerged was that Government should adopt a policy of selective (rather than comprehensive) prohibition of deployment abroad of Philippine entertainers, to avoid the adverse effects which complete prohibition would impose on the country's manpower export program. The labor representative recommended that the minimum age for performing artists seeking overseas deployment be raised from eighteen (18) years to twenty-three (23) years.
Through counsel, they challenge the constitutional validity of Item No. 1 of DOLE Circular No. 01-91.
ISSUE:
Whether or not the petitioners have an actual cause or controversy to challenge the constitutionality of the DOLE Circular.
HELD:
The Court finds that the petition does not present a justiciable controversy. In actions involving constitutional issues, the firmly settled rule is that a constitutional question will not be heard and resolved by the courts unless the following requirements of judicial inquiry are met:
(1) the existence of an actual case or controversy;(2) the party raising the constitutional issue must have a personal and substantial interest in the resolution thereof;(3) the controversy must be raised at the earliest reasonable opportunity; and(4) that the resolution of the constitutional issue must be indispensable for the final determination of the controversy.
In the first place, Item No. 1 of the challenged DOLE Circular does not establish an absolute and comprehensive prohibition of deployment abroad of entertainers below twenty-three (23) years of age. Item No. 1 itself provides that "the Secretary of Labor and Employment may, for justifiable reasons, exempt from performing artists from coverage hereof." The discretionary authority here asserted by the DOLE Secretary does not purport to be unlimited and arbitrary in nature. To the contrary, fairly explicit and precisely drawn grounds for exempting particular performing artists from the coverage of Item No. 1 are set out in a set of "Administrative Guidelines Implementing Department Circular No. 01-91."
Secondly, petitioners have failed to allege or have refrained from alleging, that they had previously applied to public respondent officials for exemption from the minimum age restriction imposed by Item No. 1 of DOLE Circular No. 01-91. Necessarily, therefore, petitioners also do not allege that public respondent officials have arbitrarily denied their applications for exemption from the minimum age requirement or from any other requirement establishment by Item No. 1. Neither have petitioners alleged that public respondents have continually threatened to deny all and sundry applications for exemption, so as to create a reasonable expectation that their applications would be immediately and arbitrarily denied, should they in fact file them. Petitioners do assert that the exemption clause of DOLE Circular No. 01-91 is "practically useless and [constitutes] empty verbiage." They have not, however, attempted to support this assertion.
The Court is not compelled to indulge in speculation that public respondent would deny any and all applications for exemption from coverage of DOLE Circular No. 01-91. Two (2) important presumptions are here applicable. The first is that administrative orders and regulations are entitled to the presumption of constitutionality. The second is that official duty has been or will be regularly performed.